List of States that seceded from the Union
South Carolina
seceded on December 20, 1860
Deep Southern States
Florida
seceded on January 10, 1861
Alabama
seceded on January 11, 1861
Georgia
seceded on January 19, 1861
Louisiana
seceded on January 26, 1861
Texas
seceded on February 1, 1861
Upper South States
Virginia
seceded on April 17, 1861
Arkansas
seceded on May 6, 1861
Tennessee
seceded on May 6, 1861
North Carolina
seceded on May 20, 1861
from Destruction and Reconstruction
by Richard Taylor
pg.334-336
Thursday, June 25, 2015
Wednesday, June 24, 2015
Professor Garry Gallagher Lecture on The Civil War and the forging of character Notes
University of Virginia Professor Garry Gallagher Lecture on The Civil War and the forging of character Notes
Lecture Title: Robert E. Lee and the Question of Loyalty
Notes written by Robert C. Juneau, B.A. History, University of Montana
6-22-15
University of Virginia Professor Garry Gallagher
The Lovett School
Atlanta, Georgia
The Civil War and the Forging of character
Lecture Title: Robert E. Lee and the Question of Loyalty
November 14, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMGrDmUjZCg
People have multiple loyalties. Lee was a Virginian. Lee was anti-secession. Lee's greatest loyalty was to Virginia. Lee's father was Light Horse Harry Lee, Revolutionary War Hero and Virginian.
Lee after resigning from the U.S. Army becomes a ardent Confederate Nationalist.
Four Loyalties Lee had:
1.Loyalty to Virginia
2.Loyalty to the United States
3.Loyalty to the Slave holding South
4.Loyalty to the Confederacy
Lee was in Texas in 1860. Lincoln's call for volunteers' after the firing on Fort Sumter is what
caused the Upper-South to secede. Many of Lee's family members were staunch Unionists
including his sister Anne Marshall who never spoke to him again.
"Save in defense of my Native State I never desire to draw my sword again."
-Robert E. Lee
Lee is always presented by Historians and Hollywood as a Virginian only. Everyone of us possesses a range of loyalties. Other Historians have argued Lee did not care about the West and only focused on the Virginia Theatre of War. The Election of Abraham Lincoln triggered South Carolina into seceding from the Union on December 20 and 6 more deep south states followed. As soon as Texas seceded Lee was ordered to report to General Winfield Scott in Washington City. Winfield Scott is from Dinwiddie County, Virginia. When Virginia seceded Lee resigned from the U.S. Army.
A third of all Virginia Men in the U.S. Army stayed in the U.S. Army. Leaving the Federal Army was not the only honorable thing for a Virginian to do. George Washington was Lee's idol and Washington was an ardent Nationalist. Lee came from a family who believed in a strong central government and were Federalists. Washington stood at the center of those who believed the Nation comes first. In 1798 Light Horse Harry Lee opposed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions with their strong support for state power authored by Virginians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Harry Lee agreed with Lincoln that the origins of the U.S. Constitution lay with We the People not We the States. Lee hoped President Buchanon would be able to extinguish fanaticism North and South and cultivate love for the Union. He disagreed with both Abolitionists and Fire Eaters. Lee believed secession was a betrayal of George Washington and the Continental Army and went against what the Framers believed which was the Union is Perpetual.
Third Level of Loyalty
Lee's loyalty to the Slaveholding South.
Lee had a strong loyalty to the Slaveholding South. This loyalty was compatible with his loyalty to Virginia. Lee accepted slavery as the best institution for ordering relations between the races. Lee felt the South was aggrieved by the aggression in the acts of the North. Lee said he would not take up arms against the South or Southerners. Racial control figured prominently in Lee's Southern Identity. Lee was not Anti-Slavery. He had very mainstream views on slavery for someone of his time, class, and place. Lee was profoundly upset when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued and thought it disrupted the racial order of the South. Southerners feared a slave revolt like Santo Domingo could happen. Lee was a Slaveholding Aristocrat of Virginia and the South and honor dictated that he stand with those of his blood, class, and section. Lee said there is no sacrifice he is unwilling to make for the preservation of the Union save that of honor. Lee hated the idea of disunion but rejected the idea of a country that could only be maintained by swords and bayonets and he was unwilling to risk forced changes in the social structure predicated on the inducement of slavery.
Fourth Level of Lee's Loyalties
The most important level of Lee's Loyalties. His loyalty to the Confederate Nation. Lee was a ardent Confederate Nationalist. His Confederate Nationalism was compatible with his Southern and Virginia Identity. Lee said Independence comes first. Without Independence there will be no state's rights. Lee thought if something needed to be done for the war effort it should be done immediately. Lee and Confederate President Davis agreed on that. Three things Lee agree with on big government were:
1.Conscription
2.Impressment of goods and slave labor for the Confederate war effort.
3.Arming some slaves.
During the Winter and Spring of 1861-1862 Lee instructed his aide Charles Marshall to draft a bill for the raising of an army by the direct agency of the Confederate Government.
Lee wanted Legislation to:
1.Extent the service of men who had previously enlisted in good faith for one year.
2.To place all white males between ages 18 to 35 into Confederate Service.
3.To give Confederate President Jefferson Davis the power to call out such parts of the population rendered liable to service by the law as he might deem proper and at such times as he might deem fit.
Charles Marshall said this completely reversed the previous Military Legislation of the South. The government hitherto had been confined to inviting the support of the people. General Lee thought it could rely more on their intelligent obedience and that it might safely assume command where it had as yet only tried to persuade.
Lee wanted a Confederate Government that could compel white male men to serve in it's military. This had never been done previously in American History. The Confederacy did this first because in 1861 the one year enlistments of their men expired and no one volunteered to re-enlist. They tried to entice them with a little money and a months leave and not many re-enlisted.
That was considered a direct assault on individual liberty and freedom. Men who had enlisted in good faith were being drafted. They were drafted for 2 more years and there was a spike in desertions in 1862. Two years later when enlistments were up again the Confederate Congress drafted them again and said your in for the duration of the war.
Conscription was a huge change in the relationship between the central government and the Citizenry and Lee supported it. The central government can force you to risk your life.
Lee also supported the central government's right to impress food, animals, and black labor. The Confederate Government knew their money was worthless so they just decided to take what they needed for the war effort. Lee said they have to do this but to do it in a way that is fair and even handed. Lee said if the Army needs all the meat no one else gets meat and if the Army needs all of the railroad traffic no one else gets to use the railroad. They are in a desperate fight against long odds.
In the Spring of 1864 Lee said to Jefferson Davis every white male should be doing a combat job and the rest can be done by black labor. In early 1865 Lee said the Yankees are using our own slaves against us and if they win will enforce Emancipation on their terms. They are going to destroy our social system on their terms. If we free some of the slaves and put them in our Army and win the war we will still control our social system. Lee was not a Emancipationist he was being shrewd and practical. You can't get a man to risk his life for nothing Lee said. If a slave serves honorably then you should give him his freedom, and free his family, and let them live wherever they want. The Confederate Congress agreed to let slaves serve in the Army but with none of the enticements Lee wanted. The war ended not much later so it would not have mattered anyway. This is just an example of what Lee was willing to do in the name of Confederate Nationalism. Lee said the Yankees are using our slaves against us and if they win they will institute Emancipation on their terms. If we free some of the slaves and use them to win the war we will retain control of our social system. In April 1861 when Lee was brought into a room to accept command of Virginia's forces in the Virginia Legislature he saw George Washington's statue twice. One wonders if on that day Lee thought about what is role model and idol George Washington would think about his resigning from the United States Army and accepting command of the forces of the State of Virginia. Taking such an action meant Lee was aiding secession and helping to destroy the Union George Washington helped to build. Did Lee think his action was in line with the beliefs and the example Washington had set for him? After the war Lee said he could have made no other choice without dishonor.
Lecture Title: Robert E. Lee and the Question of Loyalty
Notes written by Robert C. Juneau, B.A. History, University of Montana
6-22-15
University of Virginia Professor Garry Gallagher
The Lovett School
Atlanta, Georgia
The Civil War and the Forging of character
Lecture Title: Robert E. Lee and the Question of Loyalty
November 14, 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMGrDmUjZCg
People have multiple loyalties. Lee was a Virginian. Lee was anti-secession. Lee's greatest loyalty was to Virginia. Lee's father was Light Horse Harry Lee, Revolutionary War Hero and Virginian.
Lee after resigning from the U.S. Army becomes a ardent Confederate Nationalist.
Four Loyalties Lee had:
1.Loyalty to Virginia
2.Loyalty to the United States
3.Loyalty to the Slave holding South
4.Loyalty to the Confederacy
Lee was in Texas in 1860. Lincoln's call for volunteers' after the firing on Fort Sumter is what
caused the Upper-South to secede. Many of Lee's family members were staunch Unionists
including his sister Anne Marshall who never spoke to him again.
"Save in defense of my Native State I never desire to draw my sword again."
-Robert E. Lee
Lee is always presented by Historians and Hollywood as a Virginian only. Everyone of us possesses a range of loyalties. Other Historians have argued Lee did not care about the West and only focused on the Virginia Theatre of War. The Election of Abraham Lincoln triggered South Carolina into seceding from the Union on December 20 and 6 more deep south states followed. As soon as Texas seceded Lee was ordered to report to General Winfield Scott in Washington City. Winfield Scott is from Dinwiddie County, Virginia. When Virginia seceded Lee resigned from the U.S. Army.
A third of all Virginia Men in the U.S. Army stayed in the U.S. Army. Leaving the Federal Army was not the only honorable thing for a Virginian to do. George Washington was Lee's idol and Washington was an ardent Nationalist. Lee came from a family who believed in a strong central government and were Federalists. Washington stood at the center of those who believed the Nation comes first. In 1798 Light Horse Harry Lee opposed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions with their strong support for state power authored by Virginians Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Harry Lee agreed with Lincoln that the origins of the U.S. Constitution lay with We the People not We the States. Lee hoped President Buchanon would be able to extinguish fanaticism North and South and cultivate love for the Union. He disagreed with both Abolitionists and Fire Eaters. Lee believed secession was a betrayal of George Washington and the Continental Army and went against what the Framers believed which was the Union is Perpetual.
Third Level of Loyalty
Lee's loyalty to the Slaveholding South.
Lee had a strong loyalty to the Slaveholding South. This loyalty was compatible with his loyalty to Virginia. Lee accepted slavery as the best institution for ordering relations between the races. Lee felt the South was aggrieved by the aggression in the acts of the North. Lee said he would not take up arms against the South or Southerners. Racial control figured prominently in Lee's Southern Identity. Lee was not Anti-Slavery. He had very mainstream views on slavery for someone of his time, class, and place. Lee was profoundly upset when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued and thought it disrupted the racial order of the South. Southerners feared a slave revolt like Santo Domingo could happen. Lee was a Slaveholding Aristocrat of Virginia and the South and honor dictated that he stand with those of his blood, class, and section. Lee said there is no sacrifice he is unwilling to make for the preservation of the Union save that of honor. Lee hated the idea of disunion but rejected the idea of a country that could only be maintained by swords and bayonets and he was unwilling to risk forced changes in the social structure predicated on the inducement of slavery.
Fourth Level of Lee's Loyalties
The most important level of Lee's Loyalties. His loyalty to the Confederate Nation. Lee was a ardent Confederate Nationalist. His Confederate Nationalism was compatible with his Southern and Virginia Identity. Lee said Independence comes first. Without Independence there will be no state's rights. Lee thought if something needed to be done for the war effort it should be done immediately. Lee and Confederate President Davis agreed on that. Three things Lee agree with on big government were:
1.Conscription
2.Impressment of goods and slave labor for the Confederate war effort.
3.Arming some slaves.
During the Winter and Spring of 1861-1862 Lee instructed his aide Charles Marshall to draft a bill for the raising of an army by the direct agency of the Confederate Government.
Lee wanted Legislation to:
1.Extent the service of men who had previously enlisted in good faith for one year.
2.To place all white males between ages 18 to 35 into Confederate Service.
3.To give Confederate President Jefferson Davis the power to call out such parts of the population rendered liable to service by the law as he might deem proper and at such times as he might deem fit.
Charles Marshall said this completely reversed the previous Military Legislation of the South. The government hitherto had been confined to inviting the support of the people. General Lee thought it could rely more on their intelligent obedience and that it might safely assume command where it had as yet only tried to persuade.
Lee wanted a Confederate Government that could compel white male men to serve in it's military. This had never been done previously in American History. The Confederacy did this first because in 1861 the one year enlistments of their men expired and no one volunteered to re-enlist. They tried to entice them with a little money and a months leave and not many re-enlisted.
That was considered a direct assault on individual liberty and freedom. Men who had enlisted in good faith were being drafted. They were drafted for 2 more years and there was a spike in desertions in 1862. Two years later when enlistments were up again the Confederate Congress drafted them again and said your in for the duration of the war.
Conscription was a huge change in the relationship between the central government and the Citizenry and Lee supported it. The central government can force you to risk your life.
Lee also supported the central government's right to impress food, animals, and black labor. The Confederate Government knew their money was worthless so they just decided to take what they needed for the war effort. Lee said they have to do this but to do it in a way that is fair and even handed. Lee said if the Army needs all the meat no one else gets meat and if the Army needs all of the railroad traffic no one else gets to use the railroad. They are in a desperate fight against long odds.
In the Spring of 1864 Lee said to Jefferson Davis every white male should be doing a combat job and the rest can be done by black labor. In early 1865 Lee said the Yankees are using our own slaves against us and if they win will enforce Emancipation on their terms. They are going to destroy our social system on their terms. If we free some of the slaves and put them in our Army and win the war we will still control our social system. Lee was not a Emancipationist he was being shrewd and practical. You can't get a man to risk his life for nothing Lee said. If a slave serves honorably then you should give him his freedom, and free his family, and let them live wherever they want. The Confederate Congress agreed to let slaves serve in the Army but with none of the enticements Lee wanted. The war ended not much later so it would not have mattered anyway. This is just an example of what Lee was willing to do in the name of Confederate Nationalism. Lee said the Yankees are using our slaves against us and if they win they will institute Emancipation on their terms. If we free some of the slaves and use them to win the war we will retain control of our social system. In April 1861 when Lee was brought into a room to accept command of Virginia's forces in the Virginia Legislature he saw George Washington's statue twice. One wonders if on that day Lee thought about what is role model and idol George Washington would think about his resigning from the United States Army and accepting command of the forces of the State of Virginia. Taking such an action meant Lee was aiding secession and helping to destroy the Union George Washington helped to build. Did Lee think his action was in line with the beliefs and the example Washington had set for him? After the war Lee said he could have made no other choice without dishonor.
Sunday, March 8, 2015
Battle of Selma, Alabama April 2, 1865
Many people and politicians are celebrating the anniversary of the Civil Rights march at Selma, Alabama. Not many people know though that on April 2, 1865 a critical Civil War battle took place there where the Union Army captured the city and shut down one of the last supply lines for Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia forcing them to finally surrender at Appomattox Court House. And thus ending slavery in the United States.
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